Notes to the Company annual financial statements | Note 5

Financial assets and liabilities are recognised when BLT becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets are classified as current if expected to be realised within 12 months of the statement of financial position date; if not, they are classified as non-current. Financial liabilities are classified as non-current if BLT has the right to defer settlement beyond 12 months of the statement of financial position date.

Classification

BLT classifies financial assets on initial recognition as measured at amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income or fair value through profit or loss on the basis of BLT's business model for managing the financial asset and the cash flow characteristics of the financial asset.

BLT classifies its financial assets to be measured at amortised cost only if the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows, and the contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal outstanding.

Financial assets that do not qualify for measurement at either amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income are classified as at fair value through profit or loss.

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or measured at fair value through profit or loss.

BLT had no investments in equity instruments during the current or prior year that were accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9. BLT did not classify any of its financial instruments to be measured at fair value through other comprehensive income during the current or prior year.

Financial assets are not reclassified unless BLT changes its business model for managing those financial assets. Financial liabilities are not reclassified.

For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in equity instruments that are not held-for-trading, this will depend on whether BLT has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. Equity investments that are held-for-trading, or equity investments for which the entity has not elected to recognise fair value gains and losses through other comprehensive income are classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.

Measurement

At initial recognition, BLT measures a financial instrument at fair value, including transaction costs, except for those classified as fair value through profit or loss which are initially measured at fair value excluding transaction costs. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Subsequent to initial recognition, financial instruments are measured as described below:

Derecognition

Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the assets have expired or have been transferred and BLT has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. Financial liabilities are derecognised when the obligations specified in the contracts are discharged, cancelled or expire. On derecognition of a financial asset/liability, any difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid is recognised in profit or loss.

Impairment

BLT calculates its allowance for credit losses as expected credit losses (ECLs) for financial assets measured at amortised cost. ECLs are a probability weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to BLT in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that BLT expects to receive). ECLs are discounted at the original effective interest rate (EIR) of the financial asset.

Refer to note 6 for further detail.

Categories of financial assets

Categories of financial liabilities

Capital risk management

BLT's objectives when managing capital are to safeguard BLT's ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital.

In order to maintain or adjust this capital structure, BLT may issue new shares, adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or sell assets to reduce debt. BLT defines capital as capital and reserves and non-current borrowings. The Group is required to maintain a market capitalisation of R3 billion in terms of its covenants with Investec Bank in respect of TPC's working capital facility.

Financial risk management

Overview

BLT is exposed to the following risks from its use of financial instruments:

• credit risk;
• liquidity risk; and
• market risk (interest rate risk).

BLT seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on financial performance of BLT. The Directors provide principles for overall risk management, interest rate risk, credit risk, and investing excess liquidity.

Credit risk, or the risk of financial loss to BLT due to customers or counterparties not meeting their contractual obligations, is managed through the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures.

BLT is exposed to credit risk on loans to group companies, loans receivable, other receivables, cash and cash equivalents and financial guarantee contracts. The carrying amounts of financial assets represent the maximum credit exposure.

Credit risk exposure arising on cash and cash equivalents is managed by BLT through dealing with well-established financial institutions with high credit ratings. Refer to note 8 for details on these financial institutions and their credit ratings.

BLT considers the probability of default upon initial recognition of an asset and whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on an ongoing basis throughout each reporting period. To assess whether there is a significant increase in credit risk, BLT compares the risk of a default occurring on the asset as at the reporting date with the risk of default as at the date of initial recognition. It considers available reasonable and supportive forwarding looking information.

The following indicators are incorporated:

• external credit rating (when available);
• actual or expected significant adverse changes in business, financial or economic conditions that are expected to cause a significant change to the borrower's ability to meet its obligations;
• actual or expected significant changes in the operating results of the borrower; or
• significant increases in credit risk on other financial instruments of the same borrower.

A default on a financial asset is when the counterparty fails to make payments within 60 days of when payment is contractually due or payments are demanded for financial assets with no fixed repayment terms (payable on demand).

Based on the above monitoring process, BLT assesses whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk and adjusts the ECL in line with the requirements if IFRS 9. Refer to note 6 for further detail on the ECL process applied to loans to group companies.

Where the expected lifetime of an asset is less than 12 months, expected losses are measured at its expected lifetime.

Loans and financial guarantees are only granted to holders with an appropriate credit history, taking into account the holder's financial position and past experience.

The maximum exposure to credit risk is presented in the table below:

Categories of financial assets

Impact of current economic events

ECLs were determined by BLT based on an unbiased, probability weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes and, where relevant, reflecting the time value of money. In accordance with the requirements of IFRS 9, ECL allowances are required to be measured in a way that incorporates information available at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Each of these were used in calculating the ECL on the in-scope financial assets of BLT. Moody's Analytics is used to incorporate forward looking information in the determination of ECL. Moody's consider the effect of Covid-19 to be embedded in the underlying actual results of entities, and as a result reflected in the probability of default (PD) assumption of underlying ECL methodologies. As such, no significant Covid-19 overlays or other adjustments, other than the macro-economic forecasts, have been included in the current financial year.

Moody's Analytics produces a set of macro-economic forecasts for South Africa that considers the historical accuracy of various forecasters to identify reliable sources. These are incorporated into their GCorr macro-economic forecast set. Based on research conducted by Moody's Analytics, it recommends the use of its Baseline, Stronger Near-Term Rebound (S1), and Moderate Recession (S3) forecast sets weighted 40%, 30% and 30% (2022: 40%, 30%, 30%) respectively for a forward looking adjustment for the purposes of IFRS 9. It considers both public and private South African company defaults in this research. The methodology considers the industry of the asset and the related volatility in comparison to the average volatility in the South African economy.

The advent of Covid-19 had a fundamental impact on the economy in general with an exaggerated impact on credit risk, however in the subsequent financial years, these impacts have normalised. Moody's Analytics continually update their forecasts to reflect these changing risk factors by taking into account the possible spread of the epidemic through the country, the economic impact of the epidemic including measures taken to prevent its spread and measures taken by government to ameliorate the economic impact. Moody's recommend to continue applying the Baseline, S1 and S3 GCorr scenarios weighted 40%, 30% and 30% (these scenarios are adjusted to reflect the consistent changes in risk). We calculated the 2023 financial year ECL scenarios based on a GCorr weighting of 40%, 30% and 30%, consistent with the prior year.

Liquidity risk is the risk that BLT will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due, both under normal and stressed circumstances.

BLT's objective is to maintain prudent liquidity risk management by maintaining payment obligations and sufficient cash and marketable securities, as well as the availability of funding through an adequate amount of committed credit facilities. Company finance monitors rolling forecasts of BLT's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs. Due to the dynamic nature of the underlying businesses, BLT aims to maintain flexibility in funding by keeping committed credit lines available.

Refer to note 12 for details regarding pledges and guarantees issued by BLT.

Refer to note 11 for details regarding the put option for the acquisition of the 40% minority interest in Airvantage Proprietary Limited from Digital Ecosystems Proprietary Limited.

The table below analyses the undiscounted cash flows for BLT's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the statement of financial position date to the contractual maturity date. As the amounts included in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows, these amounts will not necessarily reconcile to the amounts disclosed on the statement of financial position.

In the unlikely event that the unrecognised portion of the financial guarantee is called upon, BLT will access funds from group companies to settle these.

Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices (interest rate, currency risk and/or price risk) will affect BLT's income or the value of its holding of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to manage and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters, while optimising the return.

BLT is exposed to risks from movements in interest rates that affect its assets, liabilities and anticipated future transactions. BLT is not exposed to foreign currency risk as it does not have any transactions or balances in currencies other than BLT's functional currency. BLT is not exposed to significant levels of price risk as it does not own any investments that are classified as either at fair value through other comprehensive income or at fair value through profit or loss.

Interest rate risk

BLT's cash flow interest rate risk arises from cash and cash equivalents carrying interest at variable interest rates and hence exposed to changes in market interest rates. BLT is not exposed to fair value interest rate risk as BLT does not have any fixed interest‑bearing instruments carried at fair value.

BLT's exposure to interest rate risk is reflected in the cash and cash equivalents note.

The interest rate sensitivity is based on the following assumptions:

• Changes in market interest rates affect the interest income and expense of variable interest financial instruments.
• Changes in market interest rates only affect interest income or expense in relation to financial instruments with fixed interest rates if these are recognised at fair value.

Under these assumptions, a 1% increase or decrease in market interest rates at 31 May 2023 would increase or decrease profit or loss and equity by R13 889 (2022: R28 650).